In society there was a general perception of lies as a negative phenomenon. Deception is the person's conscious desire to mislead the interlocutor. But is this always damaging? The psychology of lies will help to understand why people lie, how to recognize a deceiver.
The concept of lie in psychology
The psychology of lies is a science that studies the causes of deception and the ways of its recognition. Lying is a conscious provision of incorrect information as truthful. Deception is always aimed at the addressee, so psychologists do not consider such a phenomenon outside of communicative processes. Defamation serves as a mechanism for communication, it is deliberately aimed at creating distorted ideas about reality in the addressee.
Falsehood can be used for good purposes, to knowingly protect a person from insult, which can be inflicted with truth. Therefore, in some life situations, deception is considered a necessary and effective means to influence people. In other words, deception is considered an instrument of the psychology of lies, accessible to every person, but not everyone knows how to use it correctly.
Types of lies in psychology
The slander in its versatility is so often similar to the truth that it is practically not distinguishable from it. But regardless of its variety, a lie is a distortion of the truth. There are following types of lies:
- Fiction, or a man's fantasy in describing mystical creatures of fantastic stories, fairy tales.
- All kinds of forgery, falsification of important documents, papers.
- Simulation of feelings and experiences.
- Acting, or a children's game, where a person does not reveal his real character traits to others, but plays a role.
- Misleading.
- Fraud of facts to obtain their own benefit.
- Unconscious lies, when a person takes for the truth outdated and invalid information.
- Distortion of information.
- Hiding the truth.
- Various kinds of gossip.
- Ambiguous information, which is presented to the interlocutor in order to confuse it.
- Lies for protection.
- Self-deception, when a person inspires himself with knowingly false information.
- A pathological lie when a person is used to always and in everything to deceive.
- Hypocrisy hypocrisy.
The psychology of lies - why do people lie?
Deception is always deliberately created, and although a liar can act as a good or a bad person, he always chooses whether he will tell the truth or lie. Such a person easily distinguishes between deception and truth. According to Fry Aldert, a well-known researcher in the field of social psychology , there are five reasons why people lie:
- defensive reaction from shame and embarrassing situation;
- personal benefit;
- protection from punishment;
- the desire to help another person;
- the desire to maintain a relationship.
The psychology of lies and deceit of Paul Ekman gives a clear definition of the reason why people lie. Slander is used in political relations. A truthful statement of one's opinion about world leaders can adversely affect a person in the future. The great heads of state could not adequately manage it, if they did not use deception. According to the American political scientist, John Morsheimer, untruth is necessary for survival.
Lies for salvation - psychology
Deception for salvation is an excellent excuse for a liar, although in the social sphere such a phenomenon is condemned. The origins of deception originate from the time of the creation of the world. According to St. John of the Ladder, deception is the soul's perdition, but if a person is completely clean from lies, only if he is in great need and desperate situation is he allowed to use lies, but not without fear.
In some cases, deception is justified, it helps to avoid serious problems, and helps create the conditions that are necessary to maintain the truth. Lying is acceptable only if the liar really wants to achieve "salvation" and change the bad situation for the better. But how to understand that a person is lying? In any other case, the principle "secret becomes clear".
The psychology of lies and deception is how to expose a liar?
Every person is a liar from birth. Someone very quickly comes across a deception, and someone is able to outsmart the best polygraph. Since the age of four, the child deftly deceives his parents. As the psychology of exposing lies reveals, representatives of the male population lie more often, but more women experience shame.
Gestures of lies - psychology
There are various ways and methods that help you learn how to recognize a lie by gestures:
- Touching the earlobes, rubbing and scratching them.
- Scratching of the nose. In this case, you should be extremely careful, because the nose can itch and just like that.
- Playing with hair.
- Covering the mouth with your hand.
- Biting nails or lips.
- Trembling in the knees.
- Frequent change of posture.
- Strong head inclination forward, or backward.
- Unexpected and frequent coughing.
- Crossing of legs and hands.
- Frequent inhaling during smoking.
- Pulling off the collar of clothing.
Microemotions - the psychology of lies
Microexpression is an involuntary facial expression that people unconsciously and instantly take when they try to hide real emotions and lie. To learn how to recognize a lie by facial expressions, it is necessary to look at the person's interlocutor's expression:
- Eyes. Slander causes discomfort and uncertainty, so when talking, people often run around. But there are situations when a person deliberately looks unblinkingly at the person in the person's eyes, trying to justify his lie so, to impose it on the addressee as truth.
- Smile. This expression of the lips during the deception looks unnatural, ugly, with it the muscles of the eyes do not participate.
- Tension of the face.
- Redness.
- Frequent blinking.
- Conversation through teeth.
The psychology of the liar shows that you can learn the deception of a person by the length, asymmetry and untimely expression, if it lasts no more than five seconds. When speaking, the speed of speech, the tone of the voice changes, it can be higher or lower. The person very vividly shows a change of emotions, or frozen. But there are situations when deception can not be revealed unless you know what a liar really feels.
How to lie correctly - the psychology of lies
There are situations when a lie will serve as the only tool that can help to avoid conflict situations . Therefore, it is important how to learn how to lie without fear of exposure:
- It is necessary to believe that your deception is true.
- Control your emotions and do not be nervous.
- Talk about real people.
- Do not confess to deceit.
- Memorize your fictional story.
- Think over all the details.
- Use deception as rarely as possible in your life, only if there is an urgent need for it.
How to learn to lie and not blush?
If you do not know how to learn how to lie convincingly, try to look at yourself from the side. Stand in front of a mirror, look at the expression of your own face, everything should look believable. If the interlocutor you are lying to does not know your usual behavior in gestures and facial expressions, it will be very difficult for him to recognize untruth in your speech. Successful is the option with the phone, when a person can not by external signs determine whether you are sincere or not.
The best way - to tell lies - is to keep silent about the real events. The psychology of deception has proven that it is best to lie in people, of a choleric temperament, but their lies can do more harm than deliberate deception of sanguine persons. Phlegmatic and melancholic are not disposed to deceit, the peculiarities of their temperament can betray them on lies.