Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) is an abortion in which a developing fetus does not reach a gestational, viable term. As a rule, in such a case the mass of the fruit does not exceed 500 g, and the period is usually less than 22 weeks.
Spontaneous abortion refers to the often occurring complication of pregnancy. So, 10-20% of all pregnancies that have already been diagnosed result in miscarriage. About 80% of this number of abortions occurs before the 12th week of the current pregnancy.
Kinds
According to the classification, the following types of spontaneous abortion can be distinguished:
- threatening;
- begun;
- abortion in the course;
- unavoidable abortion.
According to the WHO classification, spontaneous abortion has a slightly different structure: the abortion started in association with abortion in the course of the treatment is divided into separate types. In Russia, they are united in one common group - unavoidable abortion (that is, the further course of pregnancy is impossible).
Causes
- The main cause of spontaneous abortion is chromosomal pathology. Thus, 82-88% of all abortions occur precisely for this reason. The most common varieties of chromosomal pathologies are autosomal trisomy, monosomy, polyploidy.
- The second among a large number of factors leading to the occurrence of spontaneous abortion is endometritis, the causes of which are very different. As a result of this pathology, inflammation develops in the uterine mucosa, which actually prevents the implantation, as well as the further development of the fetal egg.
- Chronic endometritis is noted in 25% of reproductively healthy women who previously interrupted pregnancy by artificially conducted abortion.
Clinical picture
In the clinic of spontaneous abortion, certain stages are distinguished, each of which has its own peculiarities.
- The threatening spontaneous abortion is manifested by drawing pains localizing in the lower abdomen and uninvolved discharge of blood from the vagina. At the same time, the tone of the uterus is slightly elevated, but the cervix does not shorten, and the inner throat
is in a closed state. The body of the uterus fully corresponds to the term of the current pregnancy. With ultrasound, fetal heart rate is recorded. - Started spontaneous abortion is accompanied by more severe pain and fairly abundant discharge of blood from the genital tract.
Treatment
Treatment of spontaneous abortion is reduced to relaxing uterine myometrium, stopping bleeding. A woman is prescribed a bed rest, is treated with gestagens, and also uses antispasmodics.