Urine (urine) - one of the products of the process of metabolism in the human body. Its main component is water. But simultaneously with an excess of liquid, decay products and toxins are also released. The general analysis of urine allows to establish its exact composition.
When is the urinalysis prescribed?
By assigning patients such a study, doctors pursue the goal of diagnosing diseases. At the same time, the functionality of the urinary system is evaluated. Often, for inflammatory and bacterial diseases, doctors prescribe a urine test, the indications for which may be as follows:
- Diagnosis of kidney pathologies: pyelonephritis , nephritis, nephrosclerosis, urolithiasis, amyloidosis .
- Detection of diseases of the bladder, prostate.
- Preventative inspection.
- Evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment.
- Recently transferred streptococcal infections (sore throat, scarlet fever).
What does the urinalysis show?
Violation of the processes of metabolism and proper functioning of internal organs affects the composition and properties of urine. Talking about what the clinical analysis of urine shows, doctors draw patients' attention to the diagnosis of hidden pathologies. So, with the help of this study, you can identify:
- diseases of the endocrine system (diabetes mellitus);
- poisoning of the body with toxins;
- dehydration.
OAM can establish in the early stages of urolithiasis, urethritis, cystitis. In addition, the analysis is always used by doctors to evaluate the effectiveness of the prescribed therapy. Medics are recommended as a preventive measure to every patient once a year to give a general urine test. This will help to identify the slightest deviations in the state of the body, to begin treatment if necessary.
How can I take a general urine test?
To get a reliable result and avoid the need for a re-examination, the patient should ask the doctor how to properly take urine tests. To collect biological material it is necessary to use a clean dry jar, it is better to purchase a special container for analysis in a pharmacy. For the study, only the morning portion of urine is always collected and necessarily its average portion. The very procedure of the fence is preceded by a certain preparation.
General analysis of urine - preparation for delivery
In order to obtain objective results, it is necessary to pass a general urinalysis correctly, preparation for this study should include compliance with certain rules. It must be remembered that some products are able to change the color of urine, so the lab technician can not objectively evaluate such indicators as color and transparency. To prevent this, beets, carrots, fruits are excluded from the ration on the eve of the analysis.
The day before the study stop taking diuretics - drugs are able to change the pH, the specific gravity of urine, its volume. The relative contraindication to urinary feces is the menstrual period. During the analysis during this period, the woman should be careful, use hygiene tampons. Before taking a urinalysis, it is necessary to exclude from the diet:
- alcoholic beverages;
- smoked products;
- honey;
- pickled vegetables.
How to collect urine for general analysis?
In order not to distort the results of the study, the patient must clearly understand how to collect urine for analysis. To assess the organoleptic characteristics, chemical and physical properties of urine, it is necessary to collect at least 100 ml of this liquid. Before the procedure, it is required to carry out the toilet of the external genital organs, in order to exclude the conditionally pathogenic microflora from entering the urine.
Experienced doctors advise women to use a tampon during a fence so that a urine test shows an objective picture. It is important that the container is directly the average portion of urine, so first start urinating in the toilet. The collected sample should be delivered to the laboratory within 2-3 hours. In order for the general clinical analysis of urine to correctly reflect the state of the genitourinary system, transport of the material is best done at a plus temperature (5-20 degrees).
General analysis of urine - transcript
After the urinalysis is performed, the transcript of the result is performed by the doctor who sent the person for the examination. Only a doctor who knows the features of the patient's illness, his history, can objectively evaluate the values obtained. The results of the urine test do not allow an accurate diagnosis, but are used for complex diagnosis of the patient's condition. This always takes into account:
- age of the subject;
- nature of pathology;
- the presence of chronic diseases.
Evaluation of the urine sample is performed according to several indicators, which may differ depending on the purpose of the study. Among the categories that are more often subjected to research:
- organoleptic properties (color, transparency);
- physico-chemical properties (salt content);
- biochemical characteristics.
Indicators of urinalysis
Clinical analysis of urine includes a complex assessment of a group of properties:
1. Physicochemical parameters:
- transparency;
- Colour;
- relative density;
- pH;
- protein content;
- glucose content;
- bilirubin concentration;
- the content of ketone bodies;
- concentration of nitrites;
- presence of blood cells.
2. Microscopic examination of the precipitate:
- Organized sediment: erythrocytes, epithelial cells, leukocytes, bacteria, yeast fungi, tumor cells;
- unorganized urine sediment: the content of amorphous salts and crystals is revealed.
The general analysis of urine is the norm
Doctors always take into account the age of the patient who is assigned a urine test - the salt content norm, chromaticity in children and adults is different. In addition, indicators can change their value due to the presence of pathology, diseases, chronic processes in the body. Comparison of results to standards is carried out exclusively by a specialist. A poor urine test is an indication for further examination of the patient. The values of the key indicators, the urine test table for adults, are given below.