To confirm the relationship of a man and a child is necessary in two cases: if the actual father has doubts about this, or he refuses to recognize the baby and to participate (materially and emotionally) in his upbringing. To carry out the corresponding analysis it is possible both voluntarily, and under the decision of executive bodies.
Examination of paternity
The genetic code of the child in equal parts (50% each) coincides with the chromosomes of the father and mother. Fragments of DNA , in which hereditary information is contained, are called loci. In each of them there is data of one gene. To establish paternity by DNA, it is necessary to examine loci under a digital microscope with an increase of several million. First, the mother chromosomes are found, after which the remaining sections are compared with the father's samples (genetic material - blood, saliva) is needed. If they are identical, the man is 99.9% of the baby's biological daddy.
Can paternity be established before the birth of the child?
When there are several candidates for the role of the head of the future family, examination in the antenatal (antenatal) period is acceptable. Whether it is possible to establish paternity during pregnancy should be decided by the mother after consulting a gynecologist. To take the biological material of the fetus is required to make a puncture. It is an invasive and extremely dangerous procedure that can lead to the loss of the baby.
There is also a less risky method of how to establish paternity. For the analysis, the venous blood of the mother and the alleged father is taken. From the biological fluid of a woman, the child's DNA is allocated and compared with the genetic data of a man. The reliability of such a test is lower than with the use of invasive technology, so it is recommended that it be conducted late in pregnancy.
How to establish paternity after the death of the father?
The considered problem is solved only legally. If a man in his lifetime admitted himself to be a daddy, to prove this fact officially it will be necessary to provide evidence:
- letters;
- Photo;
- correspondence in social networks or instant messengers;
- telephone messages;
- Personal diary;
- evidence of family members or friends and similar options.
It is more difficult to find a way how to establish paternity if the father has died and previously denied his kinship with the baby. In most cases, the above evidence for the court is unconvincing, and it is necessary to look for the genetic material of the man. Sometimes you even have to get permission to exhume the body. The following samples are suitable:
- liquid or dry blood;
- hair with a bulb;
- sperm;
- leather;
- nails.
How can you establish paternity without DNA?
If there is no biological material for genetic comparison, it is extremely difficult to prove a related relationship. Indirect methods how to establish paternity without DNA involve the discovery of external similarities between a man and a toddler or the testimony of relatives and close friends. In addition, you can find out the date of conception. The above evidence does not give any guarantee that the man is the father of the child. Such ways as to establish paternity do not have legal force, especially when the alleged father himself denies his involvement.
How to establish paternity if the marriage is not registered?
The main problem of cohabitation is the reluctance of men to participate in material support and education of joint children after parting with a woman. In this situation, the mother should know how to establish paternity and file for alimony. Sometimes it is possible to settle this conflict peacefully, but often women have to turn to professionals for help.
How to establish paternity on a voluntary basis?
If a man does not doubt his relationship with a child, it is formalized immediately after the appearance of the baby. This happens when drawing up acts (standard) civil status in the registering state structures. In the birth certificate received, the data of the actual pope are entered, even if he is not in a civil marriage with his mother.
When a man is not sure of the involvement in the "creation" of a new member of the family, you can make a DNA comparison with a comparison and establish paternity during pregnancy or (preferably) after the birth. For the examination, the alleged father will need to take one of the samples of the genetic material:
- sperm;
- blood;
- saliva.
How to forcibly establish paternity?
There are many men who categorically deny kinship with the baby because of unwillingness to pay alimony. The only option, how to force to recognize the fatherhood of such popes - go to court. Even if you secretly receive genetic material and hand it over to a laboratory analysis, the test results will not have legal force. Without the consent of a man, one can not prove that the biological samples provided are his.
How to establish paternity through the courts?
The plaintiff in the described situation may be:
- Man;
- female;
- child.
There is a procedure how to establish paternity in court. First you need to collect the necessary documents:
- statement of claim;
- a certified copy of the birth certificate;
- evidence supporting the fact of paternity;
- receipt of the paid state fee.
After preparing the papers with the existing lawsuit, you need to contact the nearest district court. Meetings will be scheduled during which a decision will be made on how to establish paternity. If there is an evidence base, allowing to make a verdict without genetic examination, testing is not carried out. When the evidence is inconclusive, it is decided to perform laboratory tests. Based on their results, the court will make a final decision in favor of one of the parties.
How to establish paternity if the mother is against it?
Situations where a woman prevents communication between the pope and his own child is not uncommon. If the biological father wants to establish paternity regardless of her desire, he must apply to the executive bodies. To start a trial, a man must follow the procedure described above, in advance preparing the required documents and evidence.
Such claims may not be satisfied for the following reasons:
- affirmation of kinship with a man will negatively affect the emotional state of the child;
- the biological father attempts to establish paternity for selfish reasons;
- the child himself does not want to recognize a blood relationship with a man (if he is at a conscious age).
How to establish paternity if the father is against it?
The mere reluctance to recognize biological kinship is not taken into account as a strong evidence in the legal framework, when the woman has fulfilled all the conditions discussed above to initiate the case and submitted the necessary documents. During the meetings, the executive body will decide whether it is possible to establish paternity without conducting a genetic examination, or whether a laboratory comparison of DNA should be performed.
Sometimes an already matured child wants to confirm his blood relationship with a man. Especially often such appeals to the court are filed when the children reach the age of majority or in the event of the death of one of the guardians or parents. The way in which a child establishes paternity is completely identical to the procedure described for his mother or the alleged father.