The main task of each parent is to raise a happy child and help him to uncover the available potential. At kids since a birth there are certain preferences, propensities and talents. It is important for mom and dad to support the child in their cultivation, to teach them how to interact with the surrounding world.
Features of the development of young children
The brain and nervous system of a child up to 3 years progress faster than a genius adult. During this period, a small person receives about 80% of information, and the remaining 20% - for the rest of his life. At this stage, the formation of neural connections and the formation of character. For this reason, the development and upbringing of young children is considered the most important element of the entire pedagogical system. In the first 36 months from the moment of birth, the baby learns the following skills:
- speech;
- motor;
- visual;
- tactile;
- auditory.
Proper development of young children is the key to the formation of correct social abilities and emotional reactions. If you immediately identify the individual characteristics of the baby and its strengths, it is easy to raise a full and independent personality. It is important not to put pressure on the child, trying to realize his own expectations, but help him to reveal potential and natural talents.
Methods of early development of children
There are many approaches to the issue under consideration, most well-known psychologists and educators are developing unique training systems. The most popular methods of development of young children:
- Montessori. The essence of education is the maximum independence of the baby. The child chooses his occupation and its duration at will, interest and mood. The role of adults in the described technique is a wise and unobtrusive mentor.
- Doman. The teacher suggests starting the early development of children immediately after birth. The method of training consists of 2 stages - the formation of neural connections through primitive actions (sitting, crawling, walking) and activating the intellect with the help of special cards. A similar kind is Zaitsev's technique (cubes).
- Steiner (Waldorf Pedagogy). A naturalistic approach to the process of education. The key principle is the correspondence of training loads to age opportunities. It is believed that up to 7 years, children do not have abstract thinking, so kids learn the world through everyday activities, dancing and music, fairy tales and communication. Watching TV, computer games, factory toys are excluded.
- Lupan. A simplified version of the Doman method. The essence of the approach is in spontaneity, training is always and everywhere. Parents are encouraged to interact with the baby from the very first days of their birth. In the future it is necessary to place the inscriptions in large letters next to the corresponding objects (chair, mirror, cabinet and table). It is useful to compose stories or tales about the child himself, to paste his photographs into such home books.
- The Nikitins. The main position of the methodology is harmony of intellectual and physical development of crumbs. This approach to education is almost identical to Montessori's pedagogy, but as an additional component sports activities with the baby are included, active outdoor games and regular hardening. Attention is given to the diet of the child, which should consist of easily digestible and vitamin-rich food.
Diagnosis of development of young children
To pick up the correct pedagogical approach, it is important to first assess its basic abilities. Early development of a child up to a year assumes the following skills:
- consider contrasting patterns and pictures;
- understand gestures ("while", "not") and imitate them;
- react to sounds and voices, imitate them;
- grab and hold the objects with your fingers;
- gestures, facial expressions or sounds trying to get what they want.
In the process of growing up, these skills are improved and progress. Early development of children from 1 year to 3 years includes such actions:
- walk, avoiding obstacles;
- show pictures or objects, body parts;
- learn things, animals by drawing;
- remember several colors;
- dance;
- perform actions on request;
- understand the difference between big and small, quiet and loud;
- to recognize yourself in the mirror, in photographs;
- imitate the voices of animals;
- choose your clothes;
- understand more than 100 words;
- to name objects, people, animals, parts of the body;
- sort;
- tell stories;
- collect split pictures;
- sing along.
How to develop a child?
Psychologists and teachers do not give clear instructions on the choice of methods of education and its intensity. A developed child is happy and joyful, it is interesting and pleasant for him to know the surrounding world and interact with its elements. You should not try to grow indigo or genius, every kid has his own way of growing up and ways of obtaining knowledge. Experts advise simply to follow the reaction of crumbs to different approaches, to select the most comfortable methods and combine them.
Sensory development of young children
The first thing that a newborn baby faces is taste, visual, auditory and tactile sensations. This is the cognitive development of young children. To help a child learn the necessary skills and establish the right connections between the properties of objects easily:
- to give consideration to one's face;
- hang bright toys and posters with simple contrasting pictures over the crib;
- talk with the baby, using the words "big", "high", "small", "low" and similar comparisons;
- show colors and call them;
- include music, play instruments and sing, rustle, ring bells;
- offer to touch different surfaces - rough, soft, sticky, cold, prickly and warm.
Development of fine motor skills in young children
As she grows older, she learns to own her body, especially her hands and fingers. The development of fine motor skills in children is carried out in the most simple ways:
- to do massage of hands;
- offer a bag of beans, rice or buckwheat, objects with a ribbed surface;
- engage in "finger" games ;
- stimulate a grasping reflex, put your finger in the handle and pull;
- give a spoon while eating.
Development of speech of young children
The initial stage of the described stage is imitation of the surrounding people and sounds. Do not ask crumbs to say something, it's better to just communicate with him at the most primitive level. Speech development of young children is as follows:
- moo, pull vowel sounds (a, y, e);
- repeat syllables (ma-ma-ma, ba-ba-ba, yes-yes-yes);
- make faces, looking with the child in the mirror;
- give the baby a blow in the whistle, a pipe;
- talk a lot with a baby, tell him stories and rhymes, sing along.
Emotional development of young children
The range of feelings of kids up to 3 years is very limited. In infancy, the child is guided only by instincts, mainly to survival, so the mental development of the child at an early age is completely dependent on the parents. To form a correct emotional response in a child, to instill in him kindness, compassion and other positive qualities, to teach sincere love, it is important to create an appropriate atmosphere in the family. Early development of children in the described area requires the following actions:
- praise and encourage;
- show warmth and tenderness;
- show love for family members;
- avoid conflicts;
- ask for forgiveness and explain why it is necessary;
- care for pets (if any);
- tell about the value of other people's feelings;
- clarify the importance of punishment as a liability for bad deeds.
Early aesthetic development of children
Parents often look for talent in the child and attribute to him genius inclinations, trying to fulfill their unrealized dreams. Early aesthetic development is aimed at identifying the individual characteristics of the baby's personal preferences. A rare child has to be stimulated to creativity, as a child, almost everyone likes to study different kinds of art. Mom and Dad are important to promote the beginnings of the baby, provide it with the right materials or equipment, even if there is a lot of hobbies. Gradually, the little one will choose an interesting activity and will improve.
Physical development of young children
This is the most controversial and debated aspect in the upbringing of kids. It has not yet been proved that the intellect and the physical development of children are closely interrelated, as some educators and psychologists (Doman, Nikitin) state. Some parents are supporters of these methods, encouraging the baby to sit down from 3-4 months and walk for six months, but every child is special, and must progress according to their own capabilities.
Optimal early physical development of children is offered by Dr. Komarovsky. Do not stimulate or limit the child. Mom and Dad only need support if the crumb tries to learn new skills, and protection, when his actions are a threat to the health of the baby. To support the immune system and the proper formation of a small organism, it is useful for hardening, gymnastics and especially swimming.
Developing games for young children
Almost all the skills and knowledge the child receives during entertainment and communication with parents and other family members. In his growing up an important place is occupied by simple games for children of early development:
- ladushki;
- forty-crow;
- ku-ku;
- the bears rode;
- as he says (a cow, a cat, a dog);
- guess the sound (where, from what);
- find a toy;
- Show color;
- goat-tree;
- daughter-mothers and similar role-playing.
Educational toys for young children
Most useful devices are easy to make by yourself - fill fabric bags with cereals or balls, make a piggy bank out of the box and put the buttons in there, sew a mitten (for example, from a sock). You can buy educational toys for the youngest:
- sorter ;
- a nested doll;
- cubes ;
- bisyboard ;
- labyrinth;
- Puzzle;
- cups;
- the pyramid;
- lacing;
- role sets;
- constructor;
- balls;
- plasticine and more.