The disease of cystitis, the symptoms of which are often pronounced brightly, is considered a typical female disease. According to medical experts, in about 80% of cases of registered diseases, this disease affects women. However, representatives of the male can face cystitis, the signs of which are the same for both sexes.
Cystitis - what is it?
About such a disease as cystitis, what kind of a disease is it - almost every woman of reproductive age knows. Immediately after the onset of sexual activity, the incidence of pathology increases dramatically. The term "cystitis" refers to the inflammatory process that affects the mucous membrane of the bladder. As the disease develops, other pelvic organs may be involved in the process.
Inflammation of the urinary bladder in women is recorded more often. In most cases, the causative factor in the development of pathology is the infectious agent, which is pathogenic microorganisms, viruses. Cystitis occurs often acute, so it can be determined by characteristic symptoms. In the absence of therapy, the disease becomes chronic.
Cystitis - Causes
In 90% of cases, cystitis has an infectious origin. As pathogens are pathogenic bacteria, less often - viruses. Among the possible ways of penetration are:
- a descending way - the infection gets into the bladder from the kidneys;
- ascending - from the environment, through the urethra to the urinary tract;
- hematogenous - with blood from other foci of infection in the body.
Depending on the pathogenic agent, the types of cystitis are also distinguished (discussed below). However, not only infections can trigger the disease. Among the possible causes of cystitis are also called:
- taking certain medicines (cytostatics);
- allergic reactions;
- mechanical damage to the pelvic organs and perineum (trauma);
- peak hormonal conditions (pregnancy, menopause);
- inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system (endometritis, colpitis);
- kidney disease (pyelonephritis, urolithiasis);
- diabetes.
Hemorrhagic cystitis
One form of inflammation of the bladder. Talking about hemorrhagic cystitis, what it is, doctors pay attention to the clinical manifestations of the disease, which have significant differences. The main feature of this form of cystitis is the presence of blood in the secreted urine - it acquires a red tint. The presence of blood cells is explained by a deep lesion of the walls of the bladder, which is accompanied by a trauma to the network of its vessels.
There is an increase in urination, the process itself is accompanied by painful sensations. Due to the inflamed and irritated walls of the bladder, even a slight filling of it causes the urge to urinate. The color of urine can have different shades of red, depending on the depth of the lesion (pink, red, dirty brown). Among the causes of hemorrhagic cystitis:
- viruses (adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes virus);
- E. coli;
- bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus);
- mechanical damage to the bladder (trauma, surgery on the pelvic organs).
Interstitial cystitis
Hearing from the doctor the conclusion of interstitial cystitis, what it is for the disease - not all patients know. This term is used to refer to any inflammation of the bladder of a non-infectious nature. Analysis of urine on bacussis, smears from the urethra on the microflora does not reveal pathogenic microorganisms. In this form, the main symptom of the disorder is frequent urination.
The etiology of interstitial cystitis is poorly understood - doctors can not name specific factors that provoke the disease. Among the existing theories of pathology development:
- insufficiency of the protective layer of the mucosa of the bladder;
- lymphatic congestion (urine retention);
- Neuropathy;
- psychological disorders;
- decreased local immunity;
- Impact of urine toxins on the walls of the bladder.
Postcoital cystitis
This disease of the bladder is observed in the fair sex and is associated with sexual activity. Postcoital inflammation of the bladder in women is formed after sexual intercourse. In most cases, with the pathology of young girls, just starting sex life. The main symptoms of the disease are:
- pain in the pelvic area and with the emptying of the bladder;
- frequent urination;
- burning in the urethra;
- fever.
In the secreted urine, there may be blood, which appears at the end of the act of urination. Cystitis after intercourse can be provoked:
- Anatomic features of the genitourinary system (displacement of the urethral opening, excessive mobility of the urethra).
- Violation of the rules of intimate hygiene after sexual intercourse.
- Sexual infections.
- Incorrect use of contraceptives.
Radiation cystitis
This inflammation of the bladder is observed with oncological disorders in the pelvic area. The organs of the urinary system are often also involved in the pathological process. Radiation cystitis in such cases occurs against the background of radiation therapy. Approximately 20% of cases of irradiation of the pelvic region develop radiation damage to the bladder. Among the provoking factors, doctors call:
- insufficient protection of undamaged tissues during irradiation;
- violation of the procedure;
- increased sensitivity of the urogenital system to radiation.
Radiation cystitis is characterized by functional and structural changes, urological complications:
- urinary incontinence ;
- blood in the urine;
- frequent urination ;
- a decrease in the volume of the bladder;
- the appearance of fistula.
Cervical cystitis
This form of the disease is characterized by an inflammatory process at the site of the bladder transition to the urethra. Cervical cystitis in women affects the muscles of the inner and outer sphincters, which are responsible for opening and closing the entrance to the bladder. Against the background of such changes, there is a characteristic symptomatology. The leading symptom of this form of the disease is urinary incontinence. Among other manifestations:
- constant urge to go to the toilet;
- pain in the pubic region and perineum;
- itching and burning when urinating;
- change of color of urine.
Among the possible causes of cervical cystitis doctors call:
- hypothermia of the body;
- reduction of protective forces;
- pyelonephritis ;
- infectious diseases (gonorrhea, candidiasis , chlamydia);
- diabetes.
Inflammation of the bladder - symptoms
Signs of cystitis in most cases have a pronounced character. Diagnosis of the onset of the disease does not cause difficulties for women - those who once faced with pathology, easily determine its appearance. As soon as cystitis begins, the first symptoms do not make you wait long. A clear sign, characteristic of all forms of the disease, is rapid and painful urination. The severity of the symptoms of cystitis is due to:
- nature of the pathological process;
- localization of inflammation;
- the type of pathogen or the factor that provoked the disease.
Acute cystitis
Acute inflammation of the bladder is always characterized by a sudden onset. Against the background of general well-being, normal well-being, the patient is noticed an increase in the number of urination. Each is accompanied by a cut, a pain mostly at the end of the act. Often in the last portion of urine, blood is detected. Over time, the pain becomes permanent, localizing in the area of the pubis, perineum, anus.
Changed organoleptic indicators of urine - it becomes cloudy, darkens, acquires the color of meat slops. At the same time, by increasing the urge and acts of urination, the volume of the portion of the excreted urine decreases significantly. In some cases, the urge may be false - when you visit the toilet, a woman can "squeeze out" just a few drops of urine. You have to visit the toilet every 20-30 minutes, sometimes more often.
Chronic cystitis
Absence of therapy, non-compliance with recommendations issued by a doctor complicate the course of the disease. Chronic inflammation of the bladder develops. Cystitis in chronic form often proceeds asymptomatically, with periods of exacerbation, which are fixed several times a year. Complaints from patients are absent, and the pathology is detected during endoscopic examination or in the stage of exacerbation.
At this stage, the disease resembles acute cystitis: the symptoms are the same, but they have less intensity. When the catarrhal character of the chronic form is recorded the following signs of inflammation of the bladder:
- frequent urination;
- sharp pain;
- pain in the lower abdomen;
- presence of impurities in the urine (blood, flakes);
- feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder.
Cystitis - diagnosis
Diagnosis of the disease is based on clinical manifestations, laboratory and instrumental studies. Cystitis, the symptoms of which are named above, can be suspected even when examined: when palpation of the suprapubic region, a sharp soreness is observed. A special place is occupied by the following studies and analyzes with cystitis:
- general analysis of urine - there is an increase in leukocytes, there are red blood cells and protein;
- bacterial culture - abundant growth of pathogenic flora;
- PCR - determines the presence of elements of DNA, pathogens in a blood sample;
- Cystoscopy and cystography - found foci of inflammation of the walls of the bladder in the pictures;
- Ultrasound - the presence of an echo negative suspension on the monitor screen.
What is dangerous cystitis?
Telling, than the cystitis at women is dangerous, doctors mark high risk of development of gynecological diseases. Pathogens from the bladder can get into the organs of the small pelvis. However, more often there are diseases of the urinary system:
- pyelonephritis;
- paracystitis;
- vesicoureteral reflux ;
- cystalgia;
- empyema of the bladder.
Inflammation of the bladder - what to do?
With such a disease as cystitis, treatment at home is acceptable, but it must be agreed with the doctor. An effective medicine for cystitis should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor. The therapeutic process is often under the control of a urologist and gynecologist. The basis of treatment is antibacterial drugs. Antibiotics for cystitis often use the following:
- Ciprofloxacin ;
- Norfloxacin;
- Phosphomycin.
In order to reduce pain, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antispasmodics are used:
- Nimesulide;
- Diclofenac;
- Papaverine;
- Drotaverine.
Suspected cystitis, symptoms of the disease, a woman should see a doctor. To facilitate your well-being, you can use special herbal and herbal preparations that are effective in the complex therapy:
- infusion of bearberry;
- broths of spores;
- Cowberry leaves.