Scientific and public spheres: politics, medicine, philosophy, religion, psychology, ethics, in response to their specifics, respond differently to the question of what tolerance is. The concept actively began to be used in society in the late 90's. the last century, causing controversy and controversy on the postulates contained in it.
Tolerance - what is it?
The person is essentially unique, but in some ways people are similar, therefore - they are looking for similar ones to themselves, their hobbies, religion. Belonging is important for the individual, in view of the fact that people are social creatures. Different peoples have different mentality, and that in one country is acceptable - in another can cause a public resonance. What does tolerance mean in the general concept?
In 1995, about 200 countries signed the Declaration of the Principles of Tolerance, which states that tolerance is tolerance for other religions, customs, cultures, diverse in their uniqueness and individuality. Accepting that harmony lies in all this diversity, allows people to be respectful to each other, live in peace.
What does tolerance mean in other areas:
- in medicine (pharmacology, narcology): the adaptation of the organism to the substance in view of which a greater dosage is required in order to achieve the same effect;
- in music: respectful attitude to different styles and musical directions;
- in ecology: the ability of biological organisms to develop in the environment, even with unfavorable factors.
Tolerance in Psychology
This concept in psychology occupies an important place. Accepting people, with their characteristics, without criticism and condemnation, allows you to build trust with the client and is an element of psychotherapy. The psychological phenomenon of tolerance absorbs both scientific aspects and principles, and everyday:
- Moral (conditional) - basically, contains delayed aggression. Tolerance of the "external self" only on a superficial level: a person agrees with what is happening, but inside, literally holds back, "boils."
- Natural (natural) - is typical for young children and is expressed in their unconditional acceptance of parents without evaluation, unfortunately, it happens with damage for themselves if their parents are violent.
- Moral (genuine) - based on the full and conscious acceptance of reality. This is a mature and positive tolerance of the "inner self." Spiritual attitude to all manifestations of life and people and constant self-knowledge. On morality all the wise parables are based.
The psychologist should develop this tolerance, the main criteria of which are:
- emotional responsiveness (empathy);
- ability to reflect, inner dialogue;
- the ability to establish constructive, positive relationships with people.
Tolerance - the pros and cons
The idea of this concept is fundamentally, good for society goals, is it really so? Is peace and prosperity on earth possible without tolerance of other nations? The concept of tolerance can be interpreted and used by people in different ways, without taking into account generally accepted and prescribed concepts. The medal has two sides.
Pros of tolerance:
- helps to be humane;
- learns to overcome fears through effective communication with other dissimilar people;
- develops a correct understanding of different self-expression of people with their habits, character, outlook and way of life;
- promotes personal and social development through the transfer of experience and knowledge, through interaction among individuals and nations as a whole.
Cons of tolerance:
- under the guise of tolerance of the manipulation of people's consciousness, covered up with good intentions;
- a fine line between really tolerance and slavish patience, to the detriment of the individual;
- substitution of true concepts and values with false ones, through social technologies;
- tolerance is perceived by some as indifference, reluctance to perceive and fight.
How is tolerance different from tolerance?
In translation from ancient Latin, what tolerance is literally: "tolerantia" means "patience", "tolerate", "bear". The explanatory dictionary positions the word "tolerance" as derived from the French "tolerant" - "tolerant". In Russian, unlike other foreign languages, "tolerance" is a word with a clearly negative connotation, meaning to endure bad, to endure hardship. Nevertheless, tolerance and tolerance are different concepts.
Tolerance is the conscious refusal of society to openly manifest hatred, enmity. A person internally at the same time, can experience strong negative feelings and protest. It is formed in a short time and can be imposed through the media (for example, to resolve the conflict between different peoples). Tolerance is a social phenomenon that is formed over a large time interval and assumes that a person does not have enmity, dislike other people unlike him on different grounds. In a society that is full of different cultures and nationalities - this is a necessary phenomenon.
Tolerance and xenophobia
The word "xenophobia", along with "tolerance" often sounds in the media and from the Greek language is translated as "fear of strangers". The thinking of xenophobia is distinguished by a clear division into "one's own" and "another's". An unprecedented flow of migrants is rather painfully and aggressively perceived by the indigenous population: arrived foreigners behave differently, do not always want to learn a new language, do not seek to know the culture and customs of the country to which they migrated. Tolerance in the modern world, ideally, implies the absence of xenophobia, peaceful coexistence and development of different peoples.
Types of tolerance
The basis of tolerance is the fundamental values of society, without which humanity can not exist. Scientists of many specialties are engaged in the classification of tolerance. In an ever-changing world - relevant and "acute" are issues related to religion, attitudes towards people with disabilities, interethnic, gender and political relations. Considering, tolerance what is - each applied sphere articulates its typology. The main types of tolerance are most fully reflected by MS Matskovskii:
- religious;
- gender;
- physiological;
- educational;
- sexual orientation;
- geographical;
- age-related;
- marginal;
- interclass;
- interethnic;
- racial;
- political.
Religious Tolerance
The religion of the ethnoses contains a sacral component that distinguishes it from other religions. In past centuries, considering their religion as the only true one - rulers of different countries undertook military campaigns with the goal of converting gentiles into their faith. What is religious tolerance in our day? A person has the right to any religion accepted in his state, even if it does not belong to the dominant religion. Tolerance to another faith is the guarantee of peaceful interaction between people.
Tolerance to disabled people
Compassion and mercy to all living things are important features of a person, laid down in childhood with proper parenting. The manifestation of tolerance towards people with disabilities is in the highest sense assistance in the adaptation and socialization of the disabled person as a full member of society. Inclusive education, job creation are important components of tolerance.
Ethnic tolerance
Belonging to one's own people, an ethnos with the assimilation of centuries of experience, traditions, values is an ethnic identity. What is tolerance in interethnic relations? This is a respectful attitude to the way of life of other peoples. The problem of tolerance in multi-ethnic countries is of global importance. The reverse side - intolerance (intolerance) is increasingly an occasion for inciting ethnic hatred.
Gender Tolerance
Regardless of gender - people are worthy of respect and equal rights - this is the answer to the question, what is gender tolerance. Tolerance in society in relation to the sex is an unstable phenomenon. To date, gender stereotypes are undergoing changes, and this is the reason for the negative reaction in society and the development of phobias. Intolerance to other semi-sexism is a discriminating personal factor.
Political Tolerance
Tolerance in politics is the government's readiness for constructive dialogue with other countries. In full, it can be represented in the state with a democratic regime of power and is expressed in resolving interethnic conflicts, observance of human rights, respectful attitude to other political beliefs that do not contradict the legislation. Political tolerance is a global process on which peace on earth depends.
Political correctness and tolerance interpenetrating concepts in modern society. The history of the issue of political correctness arose in the United States when African Americans demanded to exclude from the English language the offensive word "black" as applied to their race. Political correctness includes the prohibition of offensive language in relation to another race, sex, sexual orientation, etc. In multiethnic countries, such as the United States, political correctness is gaining momentum and permeates all spheres of society.