Dyslexia - what is it: illness, pedagogical neglect or a feature of the functions of certain parts of the brain? In each case, dyslexia is individual - doctors believe. According to statistics, for 5 boys suffering from this violation, there is 1 girl. Among left-handed dyslexics more than among right-handed people.
Dyslexia - what is it?
Violation of the recognition of various signs, symbols and, therefore, the emergence of complexity in understanding - as indicated by dyslexia, in the international medical directory of the ICD - 10. The term "dyslexia" of ancient Greek origin δυσ-violation , λέξις - speech. Dyslexics are people who find it hard to learn the skills of reading, writing. The revealed dyslexia in adults is an indicator of insufficient attention to the correction of the disorder in childhood.
Causes of dyslexia
Dyslexia occurs both in people with a sufficient level of intelligence (up to 5%), and with features of mental development (25-50%). Mechanisms of dyslexia are not completely clear to specialists, but the main role in the occurrence belongs to a hereditary or genetic predisposition to disruption (in 70% of cases). No less important are other causes of dyslexia:
- neurobiological factors - the activity and density of the left middle temporal gyrus are significantly reduced;
- violation in the equilibrium between the hemispheres;
- right hemisphere type of thinking ;
- pregnancy complicated by infections (rubella, herpes, measles) or the use of toxic substances (smoking, alcohol, drugs);
- abnormalities of labor: fetal asphyxia, premature detachment of the placenta;
- trauma, severe infections (meningitis);
- social factors: isolation syndrome, communication deficit , unhappy family, pedagogical neglect or excessive training loads.
Dyslexia - symptoms
Diagnosis of dyslexia can cause difficulties and be a concomitant symptom of more serious disorders. Parents, teachers can notice the special difficulties of the child in training, which is the reason to visit a specialist. In this case, it is important to pay attention: the general level of intelligence corresponds to the age norm. Symptoms of dyslexia:
- difficulties in learning the alphabet;
- letters, words, numbers - see differently;
- lag in writing, reading;
- defects in soundproofing;
- bad memory for names, numbers, just read the text;
- reading the text slow with large pauses and permutations of letters, syllables in words;
- mathematical calculations represent complexity;
- poor recognition of letters giving the same sounds;
- reading the first line of text can be correct, but with the subsequent line the perception is lost;
- high emotional lability (irritation, anger);
- in adulthood: difficulty in presenting thoughts, inability to remember routes, dates;
- spatial violations and orientation in the terrain: top-bottom, right-left - hardly distinguishable categories.
Types of dyslexia
Vivid symptomatology does not necessarily imply the presence of all manifestations, and the symptoms depend, first of all, on the type of disorder. Specialists identified the following forms of dyslexia:
- Agrammatical dyslexia - characterized by an underdeveloped speech, grammatical construction of the sentence: times, cases, endings are incorrectly agreed: "I want to go to the street," "motley cat."
- Phonemic (acoustic) dyslexia is the most common among younger schoolchildren. There is a rearrangement of syllables, a mixture of letters on one distinguishable feature in similar words and distortion of the structure of the word (com-lom-house, circle-friend, pine-pump, our-tire).
- Mystical dyslexia - with this form, there are difficulties in determining the letters in the spoken sound or word.
- Semantic dyslexia - reading is not difficult, but the "mechanical" and each word is perceived in isolation from the entire text and the meaning of the dyslexic can not be explained.
- Optical dyslexia - manifests itself in different ways: slipping when reading to other lines of text, mirror reading (from right to left), misunderstanding of letters consisting of identical elements, but with different locations (I-N-P).
- Tactile dyslexia is similar to optical dyslexia , but it is peculiar only to blind people. When reading Braille books, fingers slip to other lines, a confusion of letters with a similar spelling.
Dyslexia and dysgraphia
Dyslexia is a disease often accompanied by other disorders. Disgraphy is a violation of written speech. While writing the text by the child, the syllables are rearranged, the letters are written in a mirror position. Written text abounds with errors, the absence of capital letters and punctuation marks. Dysgraphia can be an independent disorder, the intellect at the same time, as well as with dyslexia is preserved.
Treatment of dyslexia
Specific schemes of drug treatment of dyslexia do not exist. The earlier the disorder is identified, the more diverse activities can be conducted to improve the child's performance. Correction of dyslexia is performed by a speech therapist, and with accompanying diseases, a neuropathologist, a psychiatrist, an ophthalmologist are connected. The correction program includes the following exercises:
- to work with soundproofing;
- on the formation of grammatical systems;
- on the development of auditory and visual memory ;
- on the integration of visual and sound images.
Famous people with dyslexia
Dyslexia - a disease of geniuses, there is an opinion among some specialists - one can be sure of this by studying the biographies of famous people suffering from a disorder, which did not prevent them from succeeding, to become popular in the profession and the favorites of the public. Dyslexia among celebrities who have overcome their complexes, and serve as an excellent example, that one should not despair for others:
- Vladimir Mayakovsky - a famous Soviet poet with difficulty read, was in "disagreements" with punctuation.
- Keanu Reeves - as a child, became very withdrawn because of his inability to read well, his classmates called him a stupid.
- Quentin Tarantino - an outrageous and eccentric director and actor, was subjected to ridicule of peers, teaching him was given with difficulty.
- Cher - at school she experienced problems in reading, writing and difficulties in distinguishing figures 6-9.
- Keira Knightley - ailment taught the actress self-discipline and perseverance in overcoming difficulties.
Dyslexia - books
Dyslexia - what is it and how to get rid of dyslexia to an adult person on their own. All these questions are raised in the literature on dyslexia:
- The Gift of Dyslexia by R. Davis
- "Gift of Learning" R. Davis
- "Correction of agramatic dyslexia" E. Mazanova
- "Dyslexia or Why ..." T. Voronina
- "Dyslexia of the brain. Outside the well-known "T. Goguadze